"""Toy code implementing a matrix product state."""
# Copyright 2018-2021 TeNPy Developers, GNU GPLv3
import numpy as np
from scipy.linalg import svd
import warnings
class SimpleMPS:
"""Simple class for a matrix product state.
We index sites with `i` from 0 to L-1; bond `i` is left of site `i`.
We *assume* that the state is in right-canonical form.
Parameters
----------
Bs, Ss, bc:
Same as attributes.
Attributes
----------
Bs : list of np.Array[ndim=3]
The 'matrices', in right-canonical form, one for each physical site
(within the unit-cell for an infinite MPS).
Each `B[i]` has legs (virtual left, physical, virtual right), in short ``vL i vR``.
Ss : list of np.Array[ndim=1]
The Schmidt values at each of the bonds, ``Ss[i]`` is left of ``Bs[i]``.
bc : 'infinite', 'finite'
Boundary conditions.
L : int
Number of sites (in the unit-cell for an infinite MPS).
nbonds : int
Number of (non-trivial) bonds: L-1 for 'finite' boundary conditions, L for 'infinite'.
"""
def __init__(self, Bs, Ss, bc='finite'):
assert bc in ['finite', 'infinite']
self.Bs = Bs
self.Ss = Ss
self.bc = bc
self.L = len(Bs)
self.nbonds = self.L - 1 if self.bc == 'finite' else self.L
def copy(self):
return SimpleMPS([B.copy() for B in self.Bs], [S.copy() for S in self.Ss], self.bc)
def get_theta1(self, i):
"""Calculate effective single-site wave function on sites i in mixed canonical form.
The returned array has legs ``vL, i, vR`` (as one of the Bs).
"""
return np.tensordot(np.diag(self.Ss[i]), self.Bs[i], [1, 0]) # vL [vL'], [vL] i vR
def get_theta2(self, i):
"""Calculate effective two-site wave function on sites i,j=(i+1) in mixed canonical form.
The returned array has legs ``vL, i, j, vR``.
"""
j = (i + 1) % self.L
return np.tensordot(self.get_theta1(i), self.Bs[j], [2, 0]) # vL i [vR], [vL] j vR
def get_chi(self):
"""Return bond dimensions."""
return [self.Bs[i].shape[2] for i in range(self.nbonds)]
def site_expectation_value(self, op):
"""Calculate expectation values of a local operator at each site."""
result = []
for i in range(self.L):
theta = self.get_theta1(i) # vL i vR
op_theta = np.tensordot(op, theta, axes=(1, 1)) # i [i*], vL [i] vR
result.append(np.tensordot(theta.conj(), op_theta, [[0, 1, 2], [1, 0, 2]]))
# [vL*] [i*] [vR*], [i] [vL] [vR]
return np.real_if_close(result)
def bond_expectation_value(self, op):
"""Calculate expectation values of a local operator at each bond."""
result = []
for i in range(self.nbonds):
theta = self.get_theta2(i) # vL i j vR
op_theta = np.tensordot(op[i], theta, axes=([2, 3], [1, 2]))
# i j [i*] [j*], vL [i] [j] vR
result.append(np.tensordot(theta.conj(), op_theta, [[0, 1, 2, 3], [2, 0, 1, 3]]))
# [vL*] [i*] [j*] [vR*], [i] [j] [vL] [vR]
return np.real_if_close(result)
def entanglement_entropy(self):
"""Return the (von-Neumann) entanglement entropy for a bipartition at any of the bonds."""
bonds = range(1, self.L) if self.bc == 'finite' else range(0, self.L)
result = []
for i in bonds:
S = self.Ss[i].copy()
S[S < 1.e-20] = 0. # 0*log(0) should give 0; avoid warning or NaN.
S2 = S * S
assert abs(np.linalg.norm(S) - 1.) < 1.e-13
result.append(-np.sum(S2 * np.log(S2)))
return np.array(result)
def correlation_length(self):
"""Diagonalize transfer matrix to obtain the correlation length."""
from scipy.sparse.linalg import eigs
if self.get_chi()[0] > 100:
warnings.warn("Skip calculating correlation_length() for large chi: could take long")
return -1.
assert self.bc == 'infinite' # works only in the infinite case
B = self.Bs[0] # vL i vR
chi = B.shape[0]
T = np.tensordot(B, np.conj(B), axes=(1, 1)) # vL [i] vR, vL* [i*] vR*
T = np.transpose(T, [0, 2, 1, 3]) # vL vL* vR vR*
for i in range(1, self.L):
B = self.Bs[i]
T = np.tensordot(T, B, axes=(2, 0)) # vL vL* [vR] vR*, [vL] i vR
T = np.tensordot(T, np.conj(B), axes=([2, 3], [0, 1]))
# vL vL* [vR*] [i] vR, [vL*] [i*] vR*
T = np.reshape(T, (chi**2, chi**2))
# Obtain the 2nd largest eigenvalue
eta = eigs(T, k=2, which='LM', return_eigenvectors=False, ncv=20)
xi = -self.L / np.log(np.min(np.abs(eta)))
if xi > 1000.:
return np.inf
return xi
def correlation_function(self, op_i, i, op_j, j):
"""Correlation function between two distant operators on sites i < j.
Note: calling this function in a loop over `j` is inefficient for large j >> i.
The optimization is left as an exercise to the user.
Hint: Re-use the partial contractions up to but excluding site `j`.
"""
assert i < j
theta = self.get_theta1(i) # vL i vR
C = np.tensordot(op_i, theta, axes=(1, 1)) # i [i*], vL [i] vR
C = np.tensordot(theta.conj(), C, axes=([0, 1], [1, 0])) # [vL*] [i*] vR*, [i] [vL] vR
for k in range(i + 1, j):
k = k % self.L
B = self.Bs[k] # vL k vR
C = np.tensordot(C, B, axes=(1, 0)) # vR* [vR], [vL] k vR
C = np.tensordot(B.conj(), C, axes=([0, 1], [0, 1])) # [vL*] [k*] vR*, [vR*] [k] vR
j = j % self.L
B = self.Bs[j] # vL k vR
C = np.tensordot(C, B, axes=(1, 0)) # vR* [vR], [vL] j vR
C = np.tensordot(op_j, C, axes=(1, 1)) # j [j*], vR* [j] vR
C = np.tensordot(B.conj(), C, axes=([0, 1, 2], [1, 0, 2])) # [vL*] [j*] [vR*], [j] [vR*] [vR]
return C
def init_FM_MPS(L, d=2, bc='finite'):
"""Return a ferromagnetic MPS (= product state with all spins up)"""
B = np.zeros([1, d, 1], dtype=float)
B[0, 0, 0] = 1.
S = np.ones([1], dtype=float)
Bs = [B.copy() for i in range(L)]
Ss = [S.copy() for i in range(L)]
return SimpleMPS(Bs, Ss, bc=bc)
def init_Neel_MPS(L, d=2, bc='finite'):
"""Return a Neel state MPS (= product state with alternating spins up down up down... )"""
S = np.ones([1], dtype=float)
Bs = []
for i in range(L):
B = np.zeros([1, d, 1], dtype=float)
if i % 2 == 0:
B[0, 0, 0] = 1.
else:
B[0, -1, 0] = 1.
Bs.append(B)
Ss = [S.copy() for i in range(L)]
return SimpleMPS(Bs, Ss, bc=bc)
def split_truncate_theta(theta, chi_max, eps):
"""Split and truncate a two-site wave function in mixed canonical form.
Split a two-site wave function as follows::
vL --(theta)-- vR => vL --(A)--diag(S)--(B)-- vR
| | | |
i j i j
Afterwards, truncate in the new leg (labeled ``vC``).
Parameters
----------
theta : np.Array[ndim=4]
Two-site wave function in mixed canonical form, with legs ``vL, i, j, vR``.
chi_max : int
Maximum number of singular values to keep
eps : float
Discard any singular values smaller than that.
Returns
-------
A : np.Array[ndim=3]
Left-canonical matrix on site i, with legs ``vL, i, vC``
S : np.Array[ndim=1]
Singular/Schmidt values.
B : np.Array[ndim=3]
Right-canonical matrix on site j, with legs ``vC, j, vR``
"""
chivL, dL, dR, chivR = theta.shape
theta = np.reshape(theta, [chivL * dL, dR * chivR])
X, Y, Z = svd(theta, full_matrices=False)
# truncate
chivC = min(chi_max, np.sum(Y > eps))
assert chivC >= 1
piv = np.argsort(Y)[::-1][:chivC] # keep the largest `chivC` singular values
X, Y, Z = X[:, piv], Y[piv], Z[piv, :]
# renormalize
S = Y / np.linalg.norm(Y) # == Y/sqrt(sum(Y**2))
# split legs of X and Z
A = np.reshape(X, [chivL, dL, chivC])
B = np.reshape(Z, [chivC, dR, chivR])
return A, S, B